Genome editing in ustilago maydis using the crisprcas. The biotrophic development of ustilago maydis studied by. This article cites 64 articles, 27 of which can be accessed free at. These molecules are visualized, downloaded, and analyzed by users who range from students to specialized scientists. It infects all aerial parts of maize resulting in large tumors that contain melanized, black spores. The total rna was dnasetreated and cdna was prepared using turbo dnafree kit invitrogen. Because of its easy maintenance and genetic tractability, this fungus is well suited for the study of secondary metabolism teichmann et al.
Ustilago maydis is an important model system for studying pathogenhost interactions and has been studied for more than 100 years by plant pathologists. Sexual development in fungi is controlled by mating type loci that prevent self. Ustilago maydis is an excellent model system for studying hostpathogen interactions, and it has been studied for more than 100 years by plant pathologists. A secreted effector protein of ustilago maydis guides maize. The biotrophic fungus ustilago maydis causes smut disease in maize. Septation is likely to be important in the growth of the infectious dikaryon because of the need to maintain specific cellular compartments.
This was considered to be a successful case of eradication and exclusion because additional occurrences of common smut were not reported until 1982 when the disease was found throughout the north. Content of free amino acids in huitlacoche ustilago maydis. Kahmann are greatly helping in the planning and coordination of utilization of the genomic information. Over the years, scientists have generated suites of research tools to study. As zea mays was domesticated, it carried with it many associated symbionts, such that the subsequent range expansion and cultivation of maize should have affected maize symbionts evolutionary history dramatically. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license.
Investigations of the mating system confirm reports that the production of diploid brandspores in the host is controlled by alleles at two loci. Ustilago maydis virus h1 umvh1 is a mycovirus that infects ustilago maydis, a fungal pathogen of maize. Ustilago maydis is a plant pathogen that requires a specific structure called infective filament to penetrate the plant tissue. These biosurfactants consist of derivatives of two classes of amphipathic glycolipids. Pdf ustilago maydis, a delicacy of the aztec cuisine and a model. The international ustilago maydis research conferences organized by drs. Ustilago maydis is a phytopathogenic model fungus that has been studied extensively for decades 1,2.
Ustilago maydis to fungal antibiotics on simple and complex media. Identification of a gene cluster for biosynthesis of. Ustilago maydis a valuable model system for the study of fungal dimorphism and virulence. The biotrophic fungus ustilago maydis belongs to the basidiomycota and is the causative agent of corn smut disease kamper et al. The reasons and mechanisms for this cell cycle arrest are unknown. Ustilago maydis free download as powerpoint presentation. This page was last edited on 3 september 2018, at 14. The basidiomycete ustilago maydis causes smut disease in maize zea mays by infecting all plant aerial tissues. Using ustilago maydis as a trojan horse for in situ.
Although many of these biosurfactants have interesting potential applications, very little is known about their biosynthesis. Zameitat e, freymark g, dietz cd, loffler m, bolker m 2007 functional expression of human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase dhodh in pyr4 mutants of ustilago maydis allows target validation of dhodh inhibitors in vivo. Here we analyze the role of the scp2 gene during plant colonization. Programmed cell cycle arrest is required for infection of. The ustilago maydis b mating type locus controls hyphal. Huitlacoche or cuitlacoche is an edible corn smut fungus consumed in mexico, and it is becoming internationally known as a delicacy. Pdf an ustilago maydis chassis for itaconic acid production.
Ustilago maydis is an important fungal pathogen of maize, causing corn smut. The ustilago maydis repetitive effector rsp3 blocks the antifungal. The free amino acid content of frozen and lyophilized huitlacoche ustilago maydis was investigated. Apr 27, 2018 the fungus ustilago maydis secretes many effector proteins to cause disease in maize. The basidiomycetous fungus ustilago maydis secretes large amounts of mannosylerythritol lipids mels under conditions of nitrogen starvation. Ustilago maydis, a new fungal model system for cell biology gero steinberg1, 2 and jose perezmartin3 1max planckinstitut fur terrestrische mikrobiologie, karlvonfrischstr. It is edible, and is known in mexico as the delicacy huitlacoche. The fungus forms galls on all aboveground parts of corn species. The fungus ustilago maydis is a biotrophic pathogen of maize zea mays. Overall the availability of the genome is a permanent resource available to the scientific community at large and is of outstanding value to those of.
Phylogeography of ustilago maydis virus h1 in the usa and. Much research into how diseasecausing fungi infect plants will look at a given fungus that infects a specific plant in order to understand plant diseases in general. Media in category ustilago maydisthe following 81 files are in this category, out of 81 total. Digest the cell walls by resuspending cells in 2 ml filter sterilized scs containing 3 mg.
Ustilago maydis a valuable model system for the study of. Dual function of a secreted fungalysin metalloprotease in. Publication date 1963 topics corn, smut diseases publisher. Free amino acids are crucial nonvolatile compounds involved in the overall taste of many food products. Sugar partitioning between ustilago maydis and its host. Because transmission of umvh1 takes place only through. Dec 27, 2019 ustilago maydis is a promising yeast for the production of a range of valuable metabolites, including itaconate, malate, glycolipids and triacylglycerols. An ustilago maydis chassis for itaconic acid production. Pdf on aug 5, 2009, cabreraponce jl and others published ustilago maydis. The dimorphic basidiomycete ustilago maydis produces large amounts of surfaceactive compounds under conditions of nitrogen starvation. The infection causes leaf chlorosis and stimulates the plant to produce nutrientrich niches i. Corn smut is a plant disease caused by the pathogenic fungus ustilago maydis that causes smut on maize and teosinte. The dimorphic fungus ustilago maydis causes smut disease in maize.
As a member of the wwpdb, the rcsb pdb curates and annotates pdb data according to agreed upon standards. Elucidation of the complete ferrichrome a biosynthetic. Genome editing in ustilago maydis using the crisprcas system. It is well adapted to its host and proliferates in living plant tissue without inducing a defence response. Also, areas free of the disease could only be planted with maize seed produced from crops free of u. Fungi cause many diseases in plants, and reduce the yield of important crops like wheat, corn and rice all of which belong to the family of grasses. The biotrophic smut fungus ustilago maydis infects all aerial organs of maize zea mays and induces tumors in the plant tissues. Pdf infection of alternative host plant species by ustilago maydis. Common smut of corn, caused by ustilago maydis, is easily identified by tumorlike galls that form on actively growing host tissues and contain masses of dark, sooty teliospores. Summary the peroxisomal sterol carrier protein 2 scp2 of the biotrophic maize pathogen ustilago maydis was detected in apoplastic.
The ustilago maydis repetitive effector rsp3 blocks the. According to the nuclear behaviour, the mycelium of ustilago passes through two distinct stages of development. School of bioscience, university of exeter, stocker road, exeter, ex4 4qd, united kingdom. Ustilago maydis definition of ustilago maydis by medical. It also has large biotechnological potential due to features such as natural production of a wide range of value. Corn smut caused by ustilago maydis by christensen, j. Ustilago maydis the smut of corn ustilago maydis was probably present when the british came to america. Inoculate 50 ml of yeps with a primary culture of ustilago maydis and grow cells overnight at 30 c to a cell density of o. Dna fragments that function as autonomously replicating sequences arss have been isolated from ustilago maydis. The fungus ustilago maydis secretes many effector proteins to cause disease in maize. Ustilago maydis, also known as ustilago zeae and ustilago zeae mays, is a biotrophic fungus that causes corn smut common smut, boil smut 58 table1. Throughout most of the world, common smut is considered to be a troublesome disease of corn, but in central mexico, galls on ears of corn are considered an edible. It is now present in nearly all countries where corn is grown and is of great economic importance in north america. Genetic analysis of biosurfactant production in ustilago maydis.
Pcr was used to amplify fragments corresponding to chs genes from ustilago maydis, utilizing as primers oligonucleotides devised according to the conserved regions of fungal chs genes. Ustilago maydis is a promising yeast for the production of a range of valuable metabolites, including itaconate, malate, glycolipids and triacylglycerols. Dec 23, 2009 the ustilago maydis b mating type locus controls hyphal proliferation and expression of secreted virulence factors in planta ramon wahl karlsruhe institute of technology, institute for applied biosciences, department of genetics, d. The primary mycelium consists of hyaline, slender, septate hyphae with. Ustilago maydis is considered the most suitable species. Isolation and characterization of an autonomously replicating. Molecules free fulltext response of ustilago maydis against the. A secreted effector protein of ustilago maydis guides.
Universal breakthrough discoveries such as homologous recombination and dna repair mechanisms were made in the yeastlike growth stage of this fungus 4. During maize infection, the fungal pathogen ustilago maydis undergoes a dimorphic transition from budding, yeastlike cells to a filamentous dikaryon that proliferates in the host. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Biotrophic pathogens do not kill the plant but establish an intimate relationship in which the host needs to stay alive to provide the pathogen with nutrients.
This transition is regulated by mating and environmental signals. Fungal pathogens of maize gaining free passage along the. Genetic manipulation of the plant pathogen ustilago maydis. The biotrophic development of ustilago maydis studied by rna. Genetic manipulation of the plant pathogen ustilago maydis to. We identified 35 glycoproteins, and showed that 14 out of the 28 assayed are involved. This organism can be cultured easily under laboratory conditions on young corn plants and on synthetic media, where it grows as a singlecelled yeast. The smut fungus ustilago maydis is a ubiquitous pathogen of corn.
Here, we performed an in depth transcriptional profiling of the entire plantassociated development of u. In this work, we used the yeast ustilago maydis to study the effects of these molecules on the plasma membrane, focusing on physiologic and stress responses. Find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Genetic markers were obtained by inducing mutations in a. Corn smut caused by ustilago maydis internet archive.
The maize smut fungus ustilago maydis is a model organism for elucidating host colonization strategies of biotrophic fungi. Fungal pathogens of maize gaining free passage along the silk road author. Biotrophic pathogens do not kill the plant but establish an intimate relationship in which the host needs to stay alive to. In this work, we have demonstrated that the use of glycosylation mutants. Crosstalk between the unfolded protein response and pathways that regulate pathogenic development in ustilago maydis. Maize tumors caused by ustilago maydis require organ. Ustilago maydis, a member of the ustilaginaceae family, is a well. Nglycosylation of the protein disulfide isomerase pdi1. Ustilago maydis is the causal agent of corn smut disease. Insights from the genome of the biotrophic fungal plant. Authors of over 50 institutions that have signed a publish and read agreement with the society are now eligible for fee free open access. Pronunciation of ustilago maydis with 1 audio pronunciation, 1 translation and more for ustilago maydis. This cell cycle arrest is released once the filament penetrates the plant tissue. The biotrophic basidiomycete ustilago maydis, the causative agent of maize smut, has a saprotrophic phase, where it grows yeast.
Although able to grow, this filament is cell cycle arrested on the plant surface. Users can perform simple and advanced searches based on annotations relating to sequence, structure and function. We have conducted a combined metabolome and transcriptome survey of infected leaves between 1 d post infection dpi and 8 dpi, representing infected leaf primordia and fully developed tumors, respectively. Genetic markers were obtained by inducing mutations in a wildtype strain with ultraviolet light. Ustilagic acids are cellobiose lipids in which the disaccharide is oglycosidically linked to 15,16dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid. Important tools for exprimentation with ustilago myadis iii. Ustilago maydis, a new fungal model system for cell biology. The biotrophic pathogen ustilago maydis is the causative agent of the corn smut disease 1. Virulence function of the ustilago maydis sterol carrier. Many microorganisms produce surfaceactive substances that enhance the availability of waterinsoluble substrates. In this article we will discuss about the life cycle of ustilago with the help of suitable diagrams. When inserted into an integrative transforming vector, the fragments increased the frequency of u. In our analysis, we focused on fungal metabolism, nutritional strategies, secreted effectors, and regulatory networks.
The pcr product was employed as a probe to screen a genomic library of the fungus. The basidiomycete fungus ustilago maydis is the causative agent of corn smut disease. Unlike oncogenic agents that reactivate cell division, u. After cell fusion, a heterodimeric bebw complex is formed if the proteins are derived from different alleles.
In the phytopathogenic fungus ustilago maydis, the b mating type locus encodes two homeodomain proteins, termed be and bw. Corn smut disease causes severe damage and losses of corn, one of the worlds major cereal crops, every year. Trehalose is required for stress resistance and virulence of the. Two different chs genes umchs1 and umchs2 were thus identified in the positive clones recovered. The rcsb pdb also provides a variety of tools and resources. Sweet corn is more susceptible than field corn and under very favorable conditions may. Previous studies have recorded high accumulation of soluble sugars and starch within these tumors. Ustilago maydis, the causal agent of corn smut disease, is a basidiomycete fungus parasitizing only maize and its wild progenitor teosinte both zea mays l. Genetic analysis of biosurfactant production in ustilago. Previously, deletion analysis demonstrated that several effectors have important functions in inducing tumor expansion specifically in maize leaves. It exists in two morphologies, a yeastlike, nonpathogenic stage and a filamentous, infectious form 3. Harvest by centrifugation at 3,000 rpm for 5 min at room temperature. The basidiomycete ustilago maydis is the causal agent of corn smut disease and induces tumor formation during biotrophic growth in its host maize zea mays.
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